Identify the Common Poplars in North America

Distinguish the Common Poplars in North America The variety Populusâ most regular North American locals includeâ one genuine poplar in the north, four essential types of cottonwoods and the convulsing aspen. The vast majority of the known 35 regular poplar species live in the Northern Hemisphere. The cottonwoods flourish in a biological system related with riparian and wetland zones in eastern and western North America. The aspens are generally agreeable in boreal conditions overwhelmed by conifers with aspen being a significant expansive leaved animal types. Resin poplar (Populus balsamifera)â is the northernmost American hardwood and a significant deciduous tree in Canada and Alaska. The Common North American Poplar Species Trembling aspenBalsam poplarEastern cottonwoodBlack cottonwood Throughout the entire have conceptive catkins that show up not long before the new leaves of spring and can help in distinguishing proof. The subsequent organic product is a container that opens into 2 tp 4 sections. The tufted seeds are shed in masses of white cotton which can make the progress inches down. The leaves of aspen and Eastern cottonwood are deltoidsâ where dark cottonwood and resin poplar are praise. They happen on a branch on the other hand, are straightforward (single leaf) and for the most part toothed. Intriguing Facts The Eastern Cottonwood, Populus deltoides, is one of the biggest North American hardwood trees. The aspenâ has the most extensive territory in the United States. It happens all through the eastern United States and all through Canada.Yellow poplar is certifiably not a genuine poplar and not recorded here.

Peace and Conflict Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Harmony and Conflict Studies - Essay Example ric. To misrepresent from one of George Orwell’s lesser-known colloquialisms, where the British press is concerned, the realities and the talk don't sensibly associate. Especially where Britain is concerned, it will be important to dismiss the talk (as the two sides of what is amenably called the discussion are similarly blameworthy of mutilation) and take the realities and structure an image from them, tolerating that what goes for the acknowledged knowledge isn't so much a tissue of lies as a tissue of development. Then again, it has demonstrated generally fascinating to attempt to discover the genuine purposes behind the (2003) Iraq fiasco and benefit as much as possible from this chance to put any misinformation to rest. Theory The key speculation that the creator wishes to advance for the 2003 Anglo-American mediation in Iraq is that the ‘intervention’ (catastrophe would be a superior word) occurred for inward political reasons. At the end of the day, nothing the Iraqis themselves, UN, EU, Russians, Chinese and so on., and so forth would or could have done would have forestalled the war, as both the British and U.S, metropolitan elites were totally impenetrable to any outside influence. We will begin with Todd’s (who, in spite of his Anglophone name and family, is French) examination. He refers to the fundamental American inward political elements [2004, Pp 207-211 comprehensive) as â€Å"economic bewilderment, ideological emergency and refusal of reality†. He additionally presents â€Å"evil, as a focal concept†. On the off chance that the creator comprehends Todd effectively, the Americans (or possibly their metropolitan tip top) interceded in Iraq so as to propagate the real (instead of expressed) ideological and mental points of utilizing American military force (which, it must be stated, looks great, regardless of whether it isn’t as a general rule) to guarantee that universal venture (essentially the ac quisition of U.S. Treasury bonds) is then directed into U.S. local utilization. The system seems, by all accounts, to be that the assets created by the security buys are utilized to subsidize the American royal military, the cash at that point being directed through hardware buys, pay rates and base support into the American economy everywhere - a significant part of the cash at that point being diverted back to the U.S. government through administrative duties. A definitive articulation of this is wars (what Todd calls â€Å"theoretical smaller scale militarism†) against little nations, for example, Iraq are considerably more successful than quiet military responsibilities in accomplishing this, as in any case the buyers of U.S. Treasury securities may begin posing clumsy inquiries about where all the cash is going. So much for financial bewilderment. We will presently look at Todd’s idea of ideological emergency. Since the finish of the â€Å"Cold War† (the cr eator lean towards the term ‘Grand Area Planning‘

Personal philosophy of success Essay

I figure an individual way of thinking of accomplishment ought to be an expectation or dream to the two individuals who need to accomplish a fantasy later on and to individuals who hasn’t accomplished their fantasy throughout everyday life. For example, somebody has numerous degrees of advanced education; however wants to need a higher degree; so his/her way of thinking of achievement is get a senior degree. Another model would be somebody who doesn’t have anything throughout everyday life; except need to accomplish a fantasy to make his/her life commendable; so his/her way of thinking is win a fantasy that he/she has been longing. I would be one of those individuals who have a recognition; yet need to accomplish a predominant degree. As I quote from Albert Einstein â€Å"The beliefs which have lit me on my way and over and over given me new mental fortitude to confront life brightly, they have been Truth, Goodness, and Beauty. . . . The common objects of human underta king †property, outward achievement, extravagance †have consistently appeared to me contemptible.† see more:philosophy of life models This statement makes me think about my experience, where I originated from, how far I’ve come, and glancing back at all the individuals who have bolstered me throughout everyday life. My own way of thinking of progress is accomplish my own fantasy as a specialist. I have had the fantasy of one day turning into a specialist since the passing of my grandparents and the individuals around me that are debilitated, kicking the bucket, and needing clinical consideration. I constantly needed to be the individual who spares another life. I need to be a model for my companions, my kids, and youngsters peers. I need to be somebody that both my age and the age that follows to regards, respect and follow in my strides; yet in other noteworthy magnificent fruitful people who make a big deal about themselves. I am emphatically ready to deliver my fantasy by forestalling and halting whatever comes toward my way to progress. For instance: medications, liquor, and companion pressure. I figure those three things won't keep me from not accomplishing my objectives in the event that I wasn’t as solid as I am today. My most close to home way of thinking that I will keep with me until the day I pass on and I rest in piece is a statement from my mom â€Å"success is something anybody can do particularly if an individual loves something he/she do, for example, a profession, something he/she needs to accomplish, for example, degrees, that individual should make a big deal about his/her self and additionally life, that individual ought to let it all out and make an effort towards that fantasy or objective in such a case that that individual doesn’t put it all on the line since individual will lament some choice made towards life. In the event that an individual goes for that fantasy the individual will be effective and he/she won’t regretâ anything throughout everyday life. He/she will be an upbeat person.† Retaining that data in my psyche has positively made me a superior individual and has helped me beaten the entirety of my deterrents.

What Absolutely Everyone Is Saying About Topics to Write an Evaluation Essay on and What You Have to Do

What Absolutely Everyone Is Saying About Topics to Write an Evaluation Essay on and What You Have to Do There are various kinds of essays that may be part of a student writing task. Your teacher will be pleased with your selection. Whatever you decide to write about, you'll need to supply an essential judgement based on a set of criteria so it's crucial to either pick a topic you know well or the one which you'll be in a position to research. For instance, giving the duty of updating a current report to a content writer in your organization is reasonable. Therefore, obtaining a thorough comprehension of the topic being evaluated is important. Getting in a position to present details, comments, and information that's directly linked to the sort of evaluation essay that you're writing can help you make a highly-usable output. Key Pieces of Topics to Write an Evaluation Essay on An evaluation is an assessment of particular topics or subjects typically conducted for a certain p urpose. An evaluation report provides the audience a general idea about the entire evaluation. It is an essential way of presenting an evaluation to a certain audience. Writing an evaluation report is a simple concept which you can adapt as needed. The Chronicles of Topics to Write an Evaluation Essay on Background information Shondra will want to ensure that everybody who reads her report has all of the background information required to understand it. An evaluation paper should incorporate summary info and your earnest perspective on the discipline. Most evaluation reports incorporate exactly the same essential sections, however, as we'll see in a moment, they aren't always in exactly the same purchase. Together with the facts, you will need supporting information from a wide range of sources. The Topics to Write an Evaluation Essay on Pitfall You are the person making the judgement about this issue, it is all up to you to back up your argument in a manner which will al low others to create their own opinion. 1 thing that we highly suggest you ought to do is to earn a draft or an outline of the discussion that you want to have. Try to remember that a great essay isn't to shed the feeling of proportion, you cannot simply allow convoluted terms and conditions of any sort of ideas and you maynot mix metaphors. Performance review examples and phrases will need to get written in such a way that while expressing authority, they do not own a domineering tone and keep up a tone that's both formal and casual. The End of Topics to Write an Evaluation Essay on The very good topic for a classification essay ought to have some logical point, you could classify. To steer clear of common essay mistakes, a number of the situations that you should always remind yourself when writing an evaluation essay are given below. An evaluation essay is a sort of writing that expresses certain judgment about a certain topic in accordance with a list of criteria. If yo u're writing an evaluation essay, you should remain objective with the content which you are presenting. You will discover that an Interview Evaluation Form can assist with that. It is going to also be easier that you develop an evaluation that may be trusted by your readers. If you would like to make an evaluation essay, you ought to be strategic when it has to do with the presentation of information that may assist in the writing activity. An evaluation essay has an objective assessment that's written by means of a person who should be fully-knowledgeable of what he or she's writing about. It's necessary that if you compose an essay it needs to have an excellent flow, attempt to steer clear of unnecessary things and vagrancy. If you would like to compose an evaluation essay and get high grades, you will be sure to require a strategy! What you have to know about how to compose an evaluation essay is you ought to incorporate every one of your evaluating objects into your es say. So, below, there are a number of steps on the best way to compose an evaluation essay. The Appeal of Topics to Write an Evaluation Essay on Since an evaluation essay isn't only part of college essay examples as it may also be utilized in company and company processes, it's necessary for you to understand the weight of its effectiveness. Accuracy of new info and effectiveness of new information can ascertain the caliber of the work produced. Also, keep in mind that evaluations are a tool to increase your training, so use the info you get whether it's to enhance some area or simply continue the very good work. The best evaluations are a mixture of ratings and feedback since you can receive a measure of the general class together with specific feedback, and yet they may be filled out quickly by participants. Opt for a topic you want to write about. If you weren't assigned with a specific topic, you will want to choose one by yourself. If you don't are assigned a topic by y our professor, you will want to select one yourself. If you have to locate a topic for your essay all on your own, give attention to the web. The Pain of Topics to Write an Evaluation Essay on Just don't forget that if you will make an outline before starting to write, it is going to save your time. The evaluation program is a fundamental part of a proposal that gives information on how and when you will test the undertaking and how you'll report your result. It is always defined at the end of the proposal. Your evaluation program should incorporate both.

Unemployment As An Indicator Of Macroeconomic Performance - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6373 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The rate of unemployment is one of the most important indicators of macroeconomic performance. Unemployment arises due to the distortions in the supply of labor cause by the non-competitive wage differential. During the period from 1945 until at least 1968, unemployment rates in the major European economies were extremely low by todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s standards. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Unemployment As An Indicator Of Macroeconomic Performance" essay for you Create order For instance in the United Kingdom, the average rate of unemployment for the entire period was about 1.8% of the labor force and in worst years it did not even exceed 2.5%. The main driving force was autonomous rather than policy related. These forces include waves of new products and processes, spread of trade and development around the world. However the cause of unemployment problem in Europe in comparison to the United States was their labor market institutions while the United States is far more superior due to the flexibility of their labor market. In this paper, determinants of unemployment in US are the concerns with economic growth as the main concern. Economic growth of a nation is the increase in a nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s real output that occurs over time. In general, growth and unemployment are closely related as unemployment affects the growth rate through the scale of operation of an economy. Besides that, FDI inflow and inflation are taken into account altogether to identify the relationship towards the unemployment rate. 1.1 Background As unemployment is one of the most important economic indicators, the unemployment rate provides useful information such as how the labor market works as well as the percentage of human capital that is not used in the production process, which is especially crucial towards policy makers. Consequently, it is important to analyze the factors that impact the unemployment rate regardless short or long term perspective. The United States of America is a developed country which has one of the largest population and production in the world (Encyclopedia, 2010). As unemployment are explained by structural factors mainly by inflexible labor market. One may wonder the about the impact which economic growth, inflation and FDI have on the unemployment rate of the United States of America as the clutches of unemployment are hard to escape even for a develop country, especially for US which possesses by far the most flexible labor market. As a case study, the United States of America has been chosen as the research country. United States of America is reckoned to be particularly appropriate as United States of America labor market has proven by all accounts to be more dynamic in the sense of a higher level of job turnover, resulting in high vacancy levels at any point in time. Recently, unemployment rate in the United States of America has been found to be as high as 9.6% as of August 2010 compared to the 4. 1% ten years ago (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010). In the mean time the real GDP growth in 2000 was at 4.14% when the unemployment rate was 4.1% while the real GDP growth in 2003 was at 2.49% when the unemployment rate was 5.8% (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010). From here, it can be seen that unemployment rate moves in the opposite direction of economic growth, yet there were different versions of results concluded by different previous researchers. 1.2 Problem Statement Unemployment has been a famous macroeconomic variable that researchers tend to use to study on but even with so many researches carried out, some of the results obtained are not consistent with one and another. For instance, the debates among Monetarist and Keynesian views of unemployment as well as the new contributions of Lucasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approach and new Keynesian Economics shows that there was no reason to account for growth in the unemployment model. However, a significant innovation occurred with Pissaridesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢(1990) formulation of an unemployment theory in equilibrium. In many previous attempts, he formalize a unique framework to study the labor market dynamic perspective, providing useful tools to analyze both long and short run unemployment. Pissarides also introduced a first link between long run unemployment and growth which matches the neoclassical framework of economic growth. ( Pissarides, 1990 Ch. II) In the case of US, its economy began its current economic recovery in December 2001. However, rather than experiencing employment growth, not only did the unemployment rate increase but the number of new jobs created in the economy actually declined significantly during the first year of the recovery (Seyfried). Thus this paper is conducted so as to affirm the relationship of economic growth has on the unemployment rate of the country. As some results obtained by past researchers showed that economic growth impacts unemployment whereas the others came to a conclusion that unemployment causes economic growth whereby the existence of Granger Causality relationship is quite possible. In this study, economic growth, inflation and FDI serves as explanatory variable to determine the relationship towards unemployment rate in the United States of America. 1.3 Objectives This study aims to investigate the determinants of unemployment rate in the United States of America with economic growth as the main concern in addition with inflation and FDI (foreign direct investment) to further assure that it is coherent with the results obtained from previous studies. 1.3.1 Specific objectives This paper aims to examine the relationship between economic growth, inflation and FDI towards the unemployment rate. On the other hand, this paper serves to probe further into the relationship between economic growth, FDI, and inflation towards unemployment to sustain the existence of granger causality relationship. 1.4 Significance of study The contribution of carrying out this study is to allow policy makers to have an insight of unemployment so as to allow them to decide on suitable policy that will help bring down the unemployment rate while sustaining appropriate inflation level and attract sufficient FDI inflow. The results generated will help provide insight to the nature of the relationship between economic growth, inflation, and FDI towards unemployment. It would be useful to policy makers to know the rate and relationship of economic growth as it is necessary to reduce the unemployment rate, or at least keeping it from rising. Moreover, in previous studies, FDI is found to have impacted the unemployment rate indirectly through spillover effects from economic growth. In this study, however, FDI is incorporated directly to affect unemployment growth; therefore the effectiveness of the implemented policy will be taken into account more effectively. CHAPTER 2: Literature Review 2.1 Conceptual Model According to Alexopolous (2003), in the case where there is technological growth in the economy, families will increase their investment in capital, which in turn increase the amount of family purchased consumption workers receive over time. As a result, firms optimally increase the wage rate proportionately in order to prevent workers from shirking on the job. Therefore, the rate of unemployment along the balanced growth path will not change over time, since the marginal product of labour and the marginal cost of labour grow at the same rate. Based on De Groot, in general, growth and unemployment are intimately related for two reasons. Unemployment affects the scale of operation of the economy and thereby the growth rate. Growth affects inter-temporal decisions of workers about where to allocate on the labor market once they are laid off, and thereby it affects equilibrium unemployment. According to Brecher (2007), rapid economic growth and FDI, accompanied by higher per capita income, usually increase output growth. Thus, domestic firms and foreign multinational corporations will demand more labour force with skills to create products. Hence, economic growth can promote future employment growth for labour force based on new Keynesian theory of the output-inflation tradeoff. Some studies found that overseas investment replaced domestic employment in developing countries; however, the same result did not happen in developed countries. Tremblay (2007) pointed out that based on classical economic theory, the Phillips Curve illustrated long-run tradeoff between unemployment and inflation. There is an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment, that is saying inflation will rise when unemployment decrease and vice-versa. Futhermore, Luciano Fanti and Piero Manfredi (2003) mention that the neoclassical Solow model, which still provides excellent econometric fits and shows a globally stable positive growth equilibrium, but also shows two restrictive features as regards the scope of this paper: (1) it does not take into account the stylized fact of the existence of unemployment, which is generally not only positive but also strongly fluctuating; (2) in such a model fluctuations have never been endogenously determined Meanwhile, Martin Zagler (2006) noticed that the cost associated with economic growth is structural unemployment, as structural change destroys jobs in one firm and creates jobs in another. The source of unemployment is the rate of intra-sector structural change associated with faster economic growth. Besides, Bonatti (2007) says that an increase of the workersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ influence on the political process may raise the fraction of GDP allocated to finance the welfare state, thus leading to a higher unemployment rate and to a lower growth rate. The research work done by Chang (2007) noticed that when the degree of trade openness of Taiwan is larger, the unemployment rate of Taiwan will increase, this is because the young men and young women in Taiwan desire to extend their education in working age. According to Phillips (1998), the negative relationship between inflation and unemployment can be explained through governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expansionary policy to increase the consumption level of the citizens. As labor market tightens, unemployment rate will fall as money wages tended to rise more rapidly. Unemployment will then increase as government tries to control the inflation rate. This is because the increment in wages is closely related with the increase in price. Therefore, the trade-off between these two variables can be seen. 2.2 Methodology Effects panel regression methods were used by Zagler (2006) on the relationship between economic growth and unemployment. Moreover, Zagler (2006) checked his estimated model with the unit-root test to test the stationary of the model. In order to obtain information about the relationship between inflation and unemployment, the procedure of den Hann was employed by Bae (2006), which has the advantage as no assumptions about the order of integration in the variables of interest is required. The procedure estimates a vector regressions (VAR) model and analyzes the correlations of VAR forecast errors of inflation and unemployment at long horizons. Chang (2007) used vector autoregression method of variance decomposition and impulse response function analysis are applied to analyze various relationships among foreign direct investment (FDI), economic growth, unemployment and degree of openness in Taiwan. Besides that, he also uses the unit root test of augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF and KPSS) test to examine the stationary properties of the economic time series. The appropriate lag-length in the ADF regression is selected by minimizing the Akaikeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s information criterion (AIC). He also uses co-integration test to determine whether there exists a long-run equilibrium relationship among variables and weak exogeneity, and multivariate Granger-causality test to determine their causal direction in the short-run between all variables. Besides, he also has applied the VAR technique of variance decomposition and impulse response function analysis to analyze various inter-relationships between FDI, unemployment rate and GDP variables in the case of Taiwan from the period of 1981 to 2003. Meanwhile, Eric Heyer, FrÃÆ' ©dÃÆ' ©ric ReynÃÆ' ¨s, Henri Sterdyniak (2006) present the results of the DF-GLS unit root test to test the growth rate of consumer price and also unemployment rate. 2.3 Empirical Result Zagler (2006) has carried out a research which empirically investigated the link between economic growth and unemployment, using micro econometric evidence for the United Kingdom. The results generated showed a significant and negative relationship between unemployment and economic growth. According to the result generated by Muscatelli and Tirelli (2001), it is proven that there is a negative relationship between economic growth and unemployment as Japan, Germany, Italy, France and Canada. This result is generally in favour of those theories which predict a negative linkage between unemployment on economioc growth Besides, Pehkonen (2000) stated that a fall in GDP has significant relationship with unemployment as a drop in the GDP in Finland leads to an increase in the unemployment since demand for labor have shrunk. Therefore, Pehkonen (2000) concluded that unemployment would increase as a result of a decrease in economic growth. Meanwhile, Mitra and Sato (2007) found that the major links between external scale economies and growth are perceived in terms of technical efficiency, and higher growth is taken to reduce the unemployment rate. Futhermore, Scahaik and Groot (1998) found that the unemployment and economic growth relationship in imperfect competition economy and different periods, where structural changes occur, has a negative correlation and effect of different degrees through testing the structural stability. Chang (2007) proved that economic growth as well as FDI have negative effects on unemployment as FDI are expected to generate economic growth by encouraging the expansion of trade and foreign investment. In addition, according to Solowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s growth theory, employment for labour force with skill can further promote economic growth and this can be verified by Taiwanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy model. Okunà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s law stating that reducing unemployment for labour force can promote further economic growth is then verified. Furthermore, unemployment is very sensitive to changes in GDP and vice versa, which does lend support that rising economic growth can obviously affect unemployment for labour force. shock of unemployment rate has negative effect on economic growth . He also mentions that the shocks in economic growth and FDI inflow decrease the unemployment rate. This means that rapid economic growth and FDI inflow, accompanied by higher per capita income can pro mote future employment growth for labour force. In the research study of Meckl (2001), correlation between growth and unemployment is shown to be positive if the research sector is of the high-wage sector in the economy, and negative if the research sector is the low-wage sector. Arico (2003) has already observed that the rate of growth is negatively related with the rate of unemployment. If the growth rate increases, it will decrease the net rate at which the stream of profits is discounted. For each firm the entry will result less costly. More vacancies will be created, reducing the unemployment rate. (Capitalization effect).On the other hands, It will reduce the life-time of each firm, by increasing the price for human capital. Each innovation will generate fewer vacancies than before. That will be reflected in an increase of the rate of unemployment. (Indirect creative destruction effect). Besides, Fanti and Manfredi (2003) has shown a negative relation between unemployment and growth , though we should also mention the positive relation between unemployment and growth obtained in the particular à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"creativeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ disruption context according to Schumpeterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s idea. Fanti and Manfredi alsomshows a surprising relation between unemployment and growth (via effects on population which is an endogenous engine of growth): this relation can be either positive or negative depending on the relative levels of cost of childrearing of workers and unemployed persons and the level of unemployment benefits. Meanwhile, Bonatti (2007) noticed that reduction of government transfers in favor of the workers allows decreasing the ratio of total tax revenues to GDP, thus monotonically increasing the growth rate and leading to a lower unemployment rate. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Data Analysis 3.1.1 Unemployment Rate In this study, unemployment rate is the main study which was examine by using some explanatory variables. According to BLS, Bureau of Labor Statistics, (2009) those people who are with jobs can be considered as employed. On the other hand, a person will be classified as unemployed if they do not have a job, have actively looked for work in the prior 4 weeks, and are currently available for work. Dixon Shepherd (2002) stated that the unemployment rate can be considered as one of the most important indicators of macroeconomic performance in a country. The data of unemployment rate is obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) which if measured in percentage from those people who are 16 years old and above from year 1970 to 2007. The method which BLS used to calculate the unemployment rate in United States is: X 100% 3.1.2 Real Gross Domestic Product Real gross domestic product (Real GDP) in a country can be measured by the total output value of goods and services which produced from the domestic labor in the country in a given year, expressed in base-year prices. In this study, it is expected that there is a negative relationship between the Real GDP and unemployment rate in United States. The source of the United States Real GDP data is from the World Bank World Development Indicators and International Financial Statistics of the IMF. On the other hand, the data obtained was converted to a 2005 base year. The formula to calculate the data of United States Real GDP is as below: 3.1.3 Foreign Direct Investment Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a kind of investment which is made to serve the business interest of the investor in a company which is in a different nation distinct from the investorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s country of origin. An example of FDI is a foreign company comes into a country to build or buy a factory and run a business there. Many economists believe that FDI is good for an economy, because it provides domestic job opportunities and increase domestic capital. In this study, net inflows of foreign direct investment in the measurement of current US Dollar are used. A net inflow of foreign direct investment is the total amount or value of the investment flow into United States from foreign investors to operate their business in United States and negative relationship between foreign direct investment and unemployment rate is expected in United States. 3.1.4 Consumer Price Index Consumer price index (CPI) is measured that examines the weighted average of prices of a basket of consumer goods and services in a country, such as transportation, food, rental fees and utilities fees. CPI is one of the measurements of inflation rate. According to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the prices for the goods and services used to calculate the CPI are collected in 87 urban areas in United States from about 23,000 retail and services establishments. The CPI data used in this study included all consumer items in United States from year 1970 to 2007. 3.2 Research Framework 3.2.1 Unemployment rate and Real Gross Domestic Product Based on the study, unemployment and real gross domestic product is expected to be negatively related. Edward (2007) stated there is a negative relationship between real gross domestic product and unemployment because of the theory of Okunà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s law. According to Okunà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s law, 1% increase in the unemployment rate will decrease GDP by 3%. However, Christopher (2010) said that, Okun coefficients can change over time because the relationship of unemployment to output growth depends on laws, technology, preferences, social customs, and demographics. 3.2.2 Unemployment and Consumer Price Index Consumer price index is one of the most frequently used  statistics for identifying periods of inflation or deflation. This is  because large rises in CPI during a short period of time typically denote periods of inflation. Therefore, we expect that there is an inverse relationship between the rate of unemployment and rate of inflation. According to the Phillips Curve theory, if the unemployment is high, inflation tends to be low. The diagram below shows the Phillips curve. Inflation Phillips curve Unemployment However, the result shows a positive relationship in our regression model. This problem will occur because of the multicolinearity problem in our regression model. But when one independent variable by one independent variable with the unemployment is tested, negative sign for consumer price index and unemployment are obtained. Bae (2006) stated that there is a positive long run relationship between unemployment and inflation. 3.2.3 Unemployment and Foreign Direct Investment In this study, inflow of foreign direct investment were expected to affect the unemployment rate significantly and expected that foreign direct investment has a negative long run relationship with unemployment. Foreign direct investment will increase job opportunities so, unemployment rate will decrease. Shu (2007) stated that FDI have negative effects on unemployment as FDI are expected to generate economic growth by encouraging the expansion of trade and foreign investment. 3.3 Econometric Methodology 3.3.1 Introduction This chapter consist the used of the method to examining the relationship between the unemployment and economic condition in United State by using the time series data ranging from the year 1970 to 2007. First, the result testing will start with the test of stationary by using Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test and proceed with the cointegration test. Secondly, the Multiple Regression Analysis and several ways to detect the assumption of the Classical Linear Regression Model (CLRM). The multicollinearity is used to test the correlation analysis. Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test is used to test the existence of serial autocorrelation, Autoregression Conditional Heteroscedasticity Test is used for testing the heteroscedasticity variance of error of the model and Ramsey RESET Test is used to detect the linearity regression and misspecification error. Unemployment = f (RGDP, FDI, CPI) RGDP = Real Gross Domestic Product FDI = Foreign Direct Investment CPI = Consumer Price Index The change in unemployment is our main study that we want to examine with using a few of variables which are RGDP (Real Gross Domestic Product), FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) and CPI (Consumer Price Index). y = ÃŽÂ ²0 + ÃŽÂ ²1Ln (RGDP) + ÃŽÂ ²2 (CPI) + ÃŽÂ ²3 (FDI) + Econometric Model with Expected Sign: = ÃŽÂ ²0 + ÃŽÂ ²1L (RGDP) + ÃŽÂ ²2 (CPI) + ÃŽÂ ²3(FDI) (-ve) (-ve) (-ve) Where +ve indicates that there is a postive relationship between the explanatory variable and dependent variable. On the other hand, -ve indicates that there is a negative relationship between the explanatory variable and dependent variable 3.3.2 Unit root A unit root test is used to examine whether a time series variable is stationary. In the model, T-statistic, F-statistic and R-squared are used to determine to ensure the validity of the test statistics is stationary. The result will become spurious regression problem if the non-stationary series in the ordinary least square (OLS) regression is used. Spurious regression result in high significant T-statistic and highly value for the coefficient of determination R-squared, and the R-square is larger than Durbin Watson. Therefore, if the stationary does not hold, estimate is not consistent and result will be misleading. To avoid the spurious regression problem, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test (ADF) is used to examine the stationary of the variable. An Augmented Dickey-Fuller test (ADF) is used to test for a unit root in a time series sample. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) statistic used in the test is a negative number. Therefore, the more negative value is, more power the rejection of the hypothesis that there is a unit root at some level of confidence. The equation for Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test Where ÃŽÂ ± is a constant, ÃŽÂ ² is the coefficient on a time trend and p is the lag order of the autoregressive process. ÃŽÂ ± = 0 and ÃŽÂ ² = 0 corresponds to modeling a random walk and ÃŽÂ ² = 0 corresponds to modeling a random walk drift. By including lags of the order p, the ADF formulation allows for higher-order autoregressive processes. This means that the lag length p needs to be determined when applying in the test. One possible approach is to test from high orders and examine the t-value on coefficients. The criterion such as the Akaike information criterion (AIC), Schwarz-Bayesian information criterion (SBIC) or the Hannan-Quinn information criterion (HQIC) test is used to examine the lag length. 3.3.3 Granger Causality The Granger Causality test indicates that a time series Y is said to be Granger caused by X if X helps the prediction of Y or equivalently if the coefficients on the lagged X are statistically significant. Granger Causality shows two-way causation in the case. X Granger causes Y and Y Granger causes X. It usually through a series of t-tests and F-tests on lagged values of X and lagged values of Y. 3.3.4 Multiple Regressions The ordinary least squares (OLS) or linear least squares are a method to examine the unknown parameters in a linear regression model. It is used to assume the distribance, ui. According to Gujarati (2003), ui stands for the normal distribution representing zero mean and constant variance, à Ã†â€™2 in the multiple regression models. With the normality assumption, OLS estimators 1, and 2 are linear functions of ui. Therefore, if ui are normally distributed, so 1,and 2 will make hypothesis testing more straightforward. OLS estimators of the partial regression coefficients are identical with the maximum likelihood (ML) estimators. There are the best linear unbiased estimators (BLUE). Besides, the least-square estimators are best unbiased estimators (BUE); it means that they have minimum variance in the entire class of unbiased estimators. 3.3.5 Multicollinearity Multicollinearity shows the two or more independent variables in a multiple regression model are highly linearly related. The multicollinearity test is perfect if the correlation between two independent variables is equal to 1 or -1. Multicollinearity will occur when there is a strong linear relationship among two or more independent variables. The equation below is refer the variables is perfectly multicollinear if there exist one or more exact linear relationships among some of the variables. Estimates for the parameters of the multiple regression equation is The ordinary least squares estimates include inverting the matrix XTX where, It indicate that if the linear relationship (perfect multicollinearity) is exactly with the independent variables, the rank of X is less than k+1 and the matrix XTX will not invertible. One of the detection of multicollinearity is used detection-tolerance or the variance inflation factor (VIF) for multicollinearity where R2j is the coefficient of determination of a regression of explanatory j on all the other explanators. Tolerances of less than 0.20 or 0.10 or a VIF of 5 or 10 and above reveal a multicollinearity problem. 3.3.6 Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM test is a test of autocorrelation that is basically allows for nonstochastic regressors such as the lagged values of the regressand; higher-order autoregressive schemes such as AR (1), AR (2), etc and higher-order moving averages of white noise error terms such as t. Two variable regression models to illustrate the test, regressors can be added to the model and also lagged values of the regressand can be added to the model. Yt =ÃŽÂ ²1 +ÃŽÂ ²2Xt +ut The error term ut assume that the pth-order autoregressive, AR (p), Ut = ptut-1 + ptut-2 + à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦+pput-p + t. where t.is a white noise error term. The null hypothesis H0 can be show as Ho: p1 = p2 = à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ = pp = 0 (no autocorrelation) At 5% significant level, if the computed p value of Chi-square is less than Chi-square tests, do not reject the null hypothesis, meaning that there is no autocorrelation problem. If computed p value of Chi-square is more than Chi-square tests, reject the null hypothesis, meaning that there is autocorrelation problem. 3.3.7 Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity Test In econometrics, Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (ARCH) model assume that the variance of the current error term is related to the previos one. Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity model is used to model the time series with time-varying volatility such as stock price. 3.3.8 Specification error Ramsey Regression Equation Specification Error Test (Ramsey RESET test) is used to examine the specification error. The specification test for the linear regression model. More specifically, it is used to test the specification error in the equation. As the result, if the non-linear combinations of the independent variables have any power in explaining the dependent variable, means that the model is mis-specified. Consider the model Ã…Â · = E {y | à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ } = ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ The Ramsey test is used to test whether the (ÃŽÂ ²1à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡)2, (ÃŽÂ ²2à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡)3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦,(ÃŽÂ ²k-1à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡)k has any power in explaining y. The Ramsey test is executed by calculate the following linear regression Ã…Â · = ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ + ÃŽÂ ²1Ã…Â ·2 +à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦+ ÃŽÂ ²k-1Ã…Â ·k + ÃŽÂ µ After examine the test, the means of the F-test is to determine whether ÃŽÂ ²1 through ÃŽÂ ²k-1 are zero. If the null hypothesis reveals that all regression coefficients are zero, means that the null hypothesis cannot be reject, the Ramsey test is unable to detect any misspecification. If the null hypothesis is rejected, means that the model is misspecification. 3.3.9 Jarque-Bera Test of Normality Jarque-Bera test of normality is used to test the normally distributed. It is large-sample or an asymptotic test and based on the OLS. The test first calculates the skewness and kurtosis measures of the OLS residuals. JB = n Where the n = sample size, S = skewness coefficient, and K = kurtosis coefficient. The normally distributed variable, S is zero and K is three. Hence, the Jarque-Bera test of normality is a test of the joint hypothesis that S and K are zero and three, respectively. Therefore, the value of the Jaque-Bera statistic is expected to be zero. For the null hypothesis the residual is normally distributed, asymptotically (i.e., in large samples) the Jarque-Bera statistic gives the chi-square distribution with two degree of freedom showed by Jarque and Bera (Gujarati 2003) For the alternative hypothesis the residual is not normally distributed. At 5 significant levels, computed p value is less than Jarque-Bera statistic, we can reject the null hypothesis that the residual is not normally distributed whereas computed p value is more than Jarque-Bera statistic, we do not reject the null hypothesis that the residual is normally distributed. CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION 4.1 Introduction This chapter consists of the results and interpretation of the relationship between the unemployment rate and the economic condition in United State. First of all, this chapter will consist of the results from the unit root test and cointegration test. Next, the the estimated regression model results and interpretation will be shown by using ordinary least square (OLS) method on the second part of this chapter. Besides that, multicollineartity, autocorrelation, heteroscedasticity and misspecification errors will also be tested. 4.2 Stationary Test Table 1 below showed that the stationarity results of Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test. In examining the stationary, Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test has been used in executing the stationary test for all variables to test the level and first different. The results of Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test are presented in Table 1 which includes test constant and linear trend. H0: p = 0 (the variable is non stationary or a unit root process) H1: p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 (the variable is stationary or non unit root process) Table 1: Results of Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test (level) Level ________________________________________________________________________ Constant Variables Trend and Intercept ________________________________________________________________________ UN -4.004066** LNRGDP -4.25111*** CPI -3.711698** FDI -3.878565** ________________________________________________________________________ First Different ________________________________________________________________________ Constant Variables Trent and Intercept ________________________________________________________________________ UN -5.051320*** LNRGDP -4.894707*** CPI -4.473139*** FDI -5.388260*** ________________________________________________________________________ Notes: ***, **, * denotes the rejection of the null hypothesis at 1%, 5% and 10% of significance levels, the null of hypothesis of Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test is the existence of unit root. Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test includes a constant and linear trend of this result has shown in table 1 above. According to the result above which we tested, it shows that, all variables used are achieving the stationary at level and then the first difference. Therefore, it can proceed to cointegration test which is to examine the short run and long run relationship of variables used. Cointegration test Table 2: Cointegration Test (Short Run Relationship) Dependent Variables à ¯? ² UN à ¯? ² LRGDP à ¯? ² CPI à ¯? ² FDI ________________________________________________________________________ à ¯? ² UN 2.516837 5.714336 *** 7.519445*** à ¯? ² LRGDP 0.224436 5.7667463*** 8.95123** à ¯? ² CPI 0.139868 1.148525 1.930135 à ¯? ² FDI 0.187126 0.024194 0.461171 ________________________________________________________________________ Note: The asterisks indicate the following levels of significant: ***, **, * denotes 1%, 5% and 10% The figure in Table 2 with *** shows that there are granger causality between dependent variable and independent variable. In the short run, do not reject the null alternatives means that independent variables will not cause the dependent variable. 4.4 Multiple regression model analysis and interpretation Based on this study, the time series data consists of thirty-eight observations, ranging from the year 1970 to 2007. The Unemployment (UN) is the dependent variable; Ln Real Gross Domestic Product (LNGDP), Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) are used as the independent variables in the regression to examining the impacts on the unemployment. Ordinary least square (OLS) method is used in this paper. The model estimated is as follows: Unt = ÃŽÂ ²0 + ÃŽÂ ²1 (LNRGDP) + ÃŽÂ ²2 (CPI) + ÃŽÂ ²3 (FDI) + ÃŽÂ µt Unemployment = 143.5731 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 16.77569Ln (RGDP) + 0.107573(CPI) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 0.00000707 (FDI) The OLS regression gives the following output: Table 3: OLS results Dependent variable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Unemployment ________________________________________________________________________ Variable Coefficient Standard. Error t-Statistic Probability ________________________________________________________________________ LNRGDP -16.77569 4.231093 -3.964859*** 0.0004 CPI 0.107573 0.026539 4.053451*** 0.0003 FDI -0.00000707 0.00000294 -2.406591*** 0.0217 C 143.5731 34.56874 4.153265*** 0.0000 ________________________________________________________________________ Notes: LNRGDP = Ln Real Gross Domestic Product, CPI = Consumer Price Index, FDI = Foreign Direct Investment; n = 38 observations. ***, **, * denotes 1%, 5% and 10% respectively. R-square = 0.604516, Adjusted R-square = 0.569620, F-statistic = 17.32350, Prob(F-statistic) = 0.0000 and Durbin-Watson statistic = 0.581446 Table 3 above shows that the result of an OLS regression of the unemployment with the independent variables (i.e. Real Gross Domestic Product, Consumer Price Index and Foreign Direct Investment). From the regression output, all independent variables have the sign consistent with the empirical evidence provided by previous researchers. LRGDP and FDI have negative sign, indicating a negative relationship with unemployment. It is exactly same with the expected sign mentioned in previous chapter. However, CPI has a positive sign against unemployment, which indicate a positive relationship with unemployment rate, where an increase in the consumer price index will stimulate unemployment. The result of t-test for each independent variable shows that all independent variables are significant at all significant level except for foreign direct investment which only significant at the 5% and 10% significant level and hence, rejects the null hypothesis. Besides that, the goodness of fit for the model is very high, as shown by the high R2 value, which is 0.65. It shows that 60.5% of the variation in the unemployment can be affected or explained by the variation in all the independent variables. Moreover, the probability of F-statistic is significant at 1% level. Thus, reject null hypothesis for F-test. This result proves that at least one independent variable is important in explaining the unemployment. 4. 5 Assumption test The model is tested by adopting a few tests to check for econometric problems. There are multicollinearity, serial correlation, heteroscedasticity and misspecification error. Multicollinearity is used to test the correlation analysis. Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test is used to test the existence of serial correlation, Autoregression Conditional Heteroscedasticity Test is used for testing the heteroscedasticity variance of error of the model and Ramsey RESET Test is used to test the linearity and misspecification error. Table 3: Diagnostic Checking ________________________________________________________________________ Diagnostic Checking Result ________________________________________________________________________ Multicollinearity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Correlation Analysis CorrelationCPI, LNRGDP = 0.993480 R2CPI,LNRGDP = 0.987003 VIF = = = 76.9408 10 multicollinearity Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test 23.90080 Autoregression Conditional Heteroscedasticity Test 14.12470 Ramsey RESET Test à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Mispecification error Test 16.15903 Jacque-bere Normality Test 1.469958 Probability (0.479515) ________________________________________________________________________ The hypothesis, statistics and results for each test is summarized in table 3. There is high correlation between consumer price index and real gross domestic product. The figure of variance inflation factor (VIF) for these two variables as calculated in the table is more than 10, which means that the multicollinearity problem is serious. In order to solve the multicollinearity problem, either one of the correlated independent variables has to be dropped. The second solution is to obtain more data to produce more parameter estimates with the lower standard errors such as the formula of variance inflation factor for the variance of the estimate of a regression coefficient in terms of the degree of multicollinearity and the sample size. Besides that, the model has passes the Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test and Autoregression Conditional Heteroscedasticity Test at 5% significant level. It showed that there is no autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity problem. Ramsey RESET test suggests that the model is adequately specified while ARCH test fail to detect the heteroscedasticity problem. Jacque-bera normality test indicates that the error term is normally distributed. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 5.1 Summary of Finding The main objective of this study is to understand more of the full impact of short run economic growth, inflation, and FDI towards the unemployment rate in the United States of America. In order to achieve the objective of this study, which is to examine the relationship between economic growth, inflation, and FDI towards the unemployment rate, unit root test, granger causality, multiply regression(OLS), multicollinearity, Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test, and Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity Test shows that economic growth and FDI is negatively related to the rate of unemployment, while inflation is positively related. This implies that sustainable economic growth and inflow of FDI would reflect a low short run unemployment rate in the country. However a high inflation would increases the unemployment rate as it is positively correlated. Meanwhile FDI and inflation has causal relationship among each other. Lastly, the co-integration test used has proven that t he impacts of economic growth, inflation and FDI towards unemployment are only apparent in the short run. 5.2 Policy Implication and recommendations The result from this study shows that all the independent variable (i.e economic growth, inflation, FDI) significantly impacts the rate of unemployment. There is also causality among inflation and economic growth. Since this study has proven that both inflation and FDI has positive relationship towards unemployment and causality relationship among inflation and FDI. Therefore, policy maker should control both inflation and FDI at an appropriate and satisfactory level hand-in-hand, rather than individually, so as to keep both balanced to sustain low rate of unemployment. Besides, it is important for a country to sustain healthy economic growth since it helps to reduce unemployment as there is a negative relationship between these two variables. In other words, an increase in economic growth will lead to a decrease in unemployment. Moreover, the results proved that FDI has positive impact on reducing unemployment, which means that the more inflow of FDI, the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s job opportunity will be abundant thus unemployment will decrease due to more influx of FDI. Policy makers should recognize that circumstances and implement suitable policies which will impede FDI for example by reducing trade barriers such as tariff and quotas. By doing so, the country is able to attract more foreign FDI, which would then help lower the unemployment rate. 5.3 Limitation In this study, data availability is the limitation in completing the study to produce a more precise and reliable result. The time period before 1970s data for the independent variables could not be obtained to provide larger sample size. The expected sign for inflation which is negatively related to the rate of unemployment was proven to be positively related in this study instead. Due to estimation model, expected results for inflation are not obtained. 5.4 Further Studies In this study, the main finding is to examine how economic growth, inflation and FDI impact the unemployment rate in the short run. Future researchers could estimate the full impact of economic growth, inflation and FDI towards the rate of unemployment in the long run. Thus, policy makers are able to create a more appropriate policy which doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t only work in the short run but in the long run of a certain country. Therefore studies of solutions and improvement towards old policies can be made to maintained sustainable low rate of unemployment while not paying the price by sacrificing higher inflation, lower economic growth and decrease in FDI inflows towards the country. The collection of more data preferably from after post world war II would generate more precise results. Last but not least, future researchers might want to consider adding more independent variables in their estimation model so as to strengthen their result.

The Theme Of The American Dream In The Great Gatsby

In the definition of the American Dream by James Truslow Adams in 1931, life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement regardless of social class or circumstances of birth. If you have a dream in America, you can achieve it with old fashioned hard work. Whether it’s going from rags to riches or finding love, the American Dream can offer it. But the ever-popular American dream is easily corrupted. This is greatly shown in the novel The Great Gatsby as it explores both the beauty and the corruption of the American Dream in the 1920’s. In the Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald includes many aspects in the story which show how the pursuit for the American Dream affected†¦show more content†¦These examples from the novel along with numerous others show how persons corrupted the American Dream for the desire of wealth. People were also affected by the pursuit for the American Dream as it brought people’s desire for love. An example of this is Gatsby’s American Dream as it included acquiring Daisy and her love which has taken over his entire life. The American Dream is reaching whatever your dream is through hard work and Daisy is Gatsby’s one dream. His intense desire for love with Daisy affects Gatsby by blinding him from the fact that Daisy does not deserve his admiration as she is selfish, shallow and hurtful person. Even though other characters such as Nick clearly see this, â€Å"They were careless people, Tom and Daisy – they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness† (Fitzgerald 262). Gatsby also dedicated everything in his life to acquiring Daisy’s such as hosting large, extravagant parties in hopes she would come and buying the mansion directly across the bay from her house. It was a strang e coincidence, I said. But it wasn t a coincidence at all.† Why not?† Gatsby bought that house so that Daisy would be just across the bay.† (Fitzgerald 114). Secondly, another example of how the desire for love in the novel affects the characters is how George Wilson isShow MoreRelatedThe Theme Of American Dream In The Great Gatsby859 Words   |  4 Pages American Dream The Great Gatsby is an incredible book that is filled full with literary themes and devices. In addition, Fitzgerald talks about the American Dream on his novel as it takes place in the roaring 20’s. Which is played through different characters in the book. This dream will actually come true, and turn into greatness after a long time of hardships and bumps along the road. The persona’s in the novel play this role where they all seek and want something which is affected with whatRead MoreThemes Of The American Dream In The Great Gatsby1503 Words   |  7 PagesThe American dream is the ideal that every human that lives in the United States of America has an equal opportunity to fulfill success and achieve happiness. The failure of the American dream is an evident theme in the novel. The author, F. Scott Fitzgerald, uses the character Jay Gatsby to symbolize the corruption that the pursuit of the American Dream holds. The American Dream highlights equality and is the quintessential idea that all humans are equal. However, this idea is perceived as an illusionRead MoreThemes Of The American Dream In The Great Gatsby1308 Words   |  6 Pages The American Dream can exist through almost anything, including the disbandment of love. The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald displays the concept of the American Dream through modern Love. 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The pursuit of this dream has led many to success and many also to failure as a lot of people go to allRead MoreBroken Dreams and Fallen Themes: the Corruption of the American Dream in the Great Gatsby1477 Words   |  6 PagesBroken Dreams and Fallen Themes In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald employs the use of characters, themes, and symbolism to convey the idea of the American Dream and its corruption through the aspects of wealth, family, and status. In regards to wealth and success, Fitzgerald makes clear the growing corruption of the American Dream by using Gatsby himself as a symbol for the corrupted dream throughout the text. In addition, when portraying the family the characters in Great Gatsby are used to exposeRead MoreWhat Is The Theme Of The American Dream In The Great Gatsby1508 Words   |  7 PagesIn â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, F. Scott Fitzgerald suggests that the American Dream is illusory and can never be fulfilled. 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The story follows the lives of Jay Gatsby, a man of new money, Daisy Buchanan, a married girl of old money, and Tom Buchanan, Daisy’s deceitful husband. Jay Gatsby is a man of mystery, with seemly unlimited funds, who throws ridiculous outrageous parties for no apparent reason. It’s learned that he hasRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1599 Words   |  7 Pagesevents and themes that occurred around him. One of Fitzgerald’s most popular novels is named The Great Gatsby. The Great Gatsby is written to reproduce the environment that Fitzgerald was living in. This semiautobiographical work uses fictitious characters to portray how people around Fitzgerald acted and what the overall theme of America was at this point in time. The years that ensued World War I were known f or mass productions of alcohol, grand parties, and greed for money. In The Great Gatsby

New Accounting Treatment

Question: Explain on new accounting treatment for leases under IFRS 16 that affects tenants in entering into debt convenants with creditors. Answer: Implementation of IFRS 16 leases depends largely on the debt convenants as well as cost of borrowing factors that needs attention as far as possible. It leads to changed lease accounting as well as fails in affecting level of commitments in paying cash (Spiceland, Thomas and Herrmann 2011). It helps in considering matters by the lenders as well as understanding their economic position of business firms. It depends upon the terms and conditions in case of future debt convenants for changed lease accounting standards for the same. Implementation of new rule in form of IFRS results in effective decision-making process in the near future. Addition to that, debt hypothesis indicates concepts relating Positive Accounting theory for future analysis purpose (Shim, Siegel and Shim 2012). It gets violated as per debt convenants as per accounting matters. Firm manager intends in selection of accounting procedures as well as shifting from earnings future with specified period in an overall manne r. It includes terms and conditions for future debt convenants. It brings changes for anticipation of IASB in distinguishing between true economic changes as well as accounting changes in the near future (Scott 2012). Possible social and economic consequences resulting in adoption of IFRS 16 Leases It is necessary to view at the possible social as well as economic consequences in resulting adoption of IFRS 16 leases. It aims at recognizing right use of assets in accordance with lease liabilities in the most appropriate way (Scott 2011). As far as accounting change is concerned, it deals with defining accounting principles as well as reporting entities and accounting estimates at the same time. It indulges in changed accounting principles as mentioned in the accounting method for future analysis purpose. It addresses usage of various types of depreciation methods like LIFO and FIFO methods (Schroeder, Clark and Cathey 2011). It indulges in adequate changes by the accountants working in an organization. It needs to disclose on matters relating to accounting changes as per the notes to financial statements. It provides extreme help to the shareholders in analyzing with the financial position of business firm in an accurate manner. Total amount of liquidity involves decreases cash allocation for decreased standard of living. It affects the cash flow cycle for fewer amounts of cash and inflation brought in the society. An increased ratio lowers the cash amount that affects society as a whole. It mainly takes into consideration on various financial metrics for tenants and lower return on assets for future analysis purpose (Riahi-Belkaoui 2012). Relation to objectives and qualitative characteristics of general purpose of financial reports as stated in conceptual framework in AASB General purpose of financial reporting renders financial information for reported entity. It aims in providing reliable information especially to the potential as well as existing investors, lenders and creditors. It indulges in several qualitative characteristics that are faithful representation as well as provides relevance in decision-making process (Libby, Libby and Short 2011). It includes enhancing qualitative characteristics like verifiability, timeliness as well as understands ability and comparability in the most appropriate way. Identification of positive theory and explanation with examples Positive accounting theory is identified in the particular question for bringing actual accounting practices for future analysis purpose. Implementation of positive accounting theory are kept in optimal condition as well as prescribed in desired ways (Hendriksen and Van Breda 2012). Positive accounting theory counts from the perspective of modern theory on accounting. It helps in guiding selected accurate accounting practices in case of specified products as well as services in an overall manner. Positive accounting theory establishes methods for transactions in case of ascertainment of accounting theories in giving permission for practical course of action. For instance, positive accounting theory occurs when managers of specific industry studies for predicting the accounting theories (Glautier, Morris and Underdown 2011). Managers need to select positive accounting theory for using for specified situation in an effective way. Positive theories examples include stakeholder theory as well as legitimacy theory in an accurate form. Positive accounting theory determines in realistic assets as well as liabilities values in representation of general financial condition of business enterprise (Freeman 2011). Discussing relation between positive and normative theories Positive theories Normative theories Positive theories fail in guiding business entities with respect of application of accounting theories. It aims at analyzing particular accounting theory for specified industry based upon current market situation. It establishes explaining on particular industry for future reference purpose. This theory fails in suggesting ways that accounting theories runs under successful business in the near future (Feldmann and Rupert 2012). Normative theories aim at taking fundamental unique approach. This particular theory fails in looking at the current situation of any company. It mainly aims at guiding ways in accordance with accounting policies (Dyckman, Magee and Pfeiffer 2011). It undertakes making strategies and application of theoretical principle in an overall manner. Examples of Positive theories of accounting From the real-world examples, it is noticed that positive theories of accounting is used for explaining past financial events and causes of business individual current financial standing. Wesfarmers makes use of positive theories of accounting in making the assumptions from past financial statements. This particular company determines on operating net loss requirements as per accounting practices. It compares actual revenues with actual expenses for specified period. It typically used for construction of financial documents like balance sheet, cash flow statements. Examples of Normative theories of accounting Woolsworth is an Australian Listed Company that uses normative theories for setting economic policies based upon the theories. Woolsworth mission statement as well as market strategies in business plans as reflected in the normative statements. Discussion on professional judgment allowed as per accounting standards and poses material impact on reported profits It is important to understand the fact that professional judgment establishes in the accounting standards and fails in gaining material impact for reported profits. It becomes judgment by the professional auditors for analyzing ways in gaining information on matters relating to material misstatement in the financial statements (Duska, Duska and Ragatz 2011). Professional auditors should be ethical in making judgment and maintain quality of audit reports at the same time. Process of judgment should be held in accordance with framework as well as proper documentation on justification of judgment in an overall manner. On critical analysis, it is noticed that professional judgment plays an important role for item measurement as presented in the financial statements. It includes transactions presented in financial statements in judging free from materiality and estimation of ascertaining of accounting in any form. Judgement should be carried forward after gathering relevant information an d proceed with proper analysis in the most appropriate way (Devi and Hooper 2011). Example: In case of asset recognition, business entity in beverage business and brand name known in and throughout the world. It includes products command on premium prices as well as product names represented on future economic benefits. In case of liabilities, it measures substantial degree of estimation. It includes provision for payments as well as under existing warranties for covering pension obligations. Australian Accounting Conceptual Framework issued by AASB highlights stewardship, decision usefulness or both On critical analysis, it is noticed that accounting information has increased demand as it helps in decision making process and stewardship at the same time. It helps in evaluating accounting information in case of stewardship plays an important role in the current scenario. Stewardship is a concept presented in governance as well as involved in assessment of management for future analysis purpose. Stewardship helps in information-taking verification in an accurate manner. It reveals demonstration of implied stewardship in case of treating as separate objectives as well as interpretation by the respondents at the same time (Deegan and Unerman 2011). It provides relevant information for fair representation of financial statement figures in final decision-making process. AASB proposes ways for performance management in discharging responsibilities in stewardship. It affects business reporting entity in various cash flow generations. It results in investors analysis for providing capita l for performance management in an overall manner. For example, AASB and Stewardship manages with the company performance in real world scenario. Manager performance relates with discharging stewardship responsibilities for business entity in generation of cash inflows. Management performance interest for potential capital providers Critical perceptive of accounting in providing social and environmental information On critical analysis, it is noticed that disclosure involves bringing social as well as environment information by business organization. It is opined that business organization hesitates in rendering true picture and figures mentioned in the financial statements. Imposition of fines reduced as indicated in the income for taxation. It gains advantages in case of fiscal means of communication for future analysis purpose. Reasons include environmental accidents as well as tendency for avoiding remedial costs for the same (Barnett 2012). Information regarding environment helps in providing business as in case of loss for subjective environmental disruptions on an adverse manner. It requires depiction ways in case of penalties and deduced taxable income for derived fiscal advantage in the most appropriate way. It reveals social as well as environmental information for loosing trust in case to stakeholders and portraying ethically and environmental responsible. Arguments for supporting the view those companies provide an optimal level in case of social and environmental information It is important to understand the fact that absence of information would lead to company devastating impact in every form. Regulations mandate ways for providing environment as well as social information in acting for bringing compulsion in disclosing details in an overall manner. In case of mining firm, it is noticed that operations takes place in an isolated area for wastage of oil and leading extraction. It requires proper disposal of waste in absence of regulatory measures like environmental regulations (Albrecht, Stice and Stice 2011). It mandates companies for following appropriate methods for disposable wastes on an adverse manner. It needs dumping waste anywhere in the river without even thinking of inhabitants as well as posing ethical irresponsible. It measures loss in monetary terms as well as negotiation loss for bearing costs in social wealth for future analysis purpose. Reference List Albrecht, W., Stice, E. and Stice, J. (2011).Financial accounting. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Barnett, K. (2012).Accounting for Profit for Breach of Contract. Oxford: Hart. Deegan, C. and Unerman, J. (2011).Financial accounting theory. Maidenhead, Berkshire: McGraw Hill Education. Devi, S. and Hooper, K. (2011).Accounting in Asia. Bingley: Emerald. Duska, R., Duska, B. and Ragatz, J. (2011).Accounting ethics. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. Dyckman, T., Magee, R. and Pfeiffer, G. (2011).Financial accounting. [Westmont, Ill.]: Cambridge Business Publishers. Feldmann, D. and Rupert, T. (2012).Advances in accounting education. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Freeman, R. (2011).Governmental and nonprofit accounting. Boston: Prentice Hall. Glautier, M., Morris, D. and Underdown, B. (2011).Accounting. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall/Pearson. Hendriksen, E. and Van Breda, M. (2012).Accounting theory. Homewood, IL: Irwin. Libby, R., Libby, P. and Short, D. (2011).Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (2012).Accounting theory. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Schroeder, R., Clark, M. and Cathey, J. (2011).Financial accounting theory and analysis. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Scott, W. (2011).Financial accounting theory. Toronto, Ont.: Pearson Canada. Scott, W. (2012).Financial accounting theory. Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall. Shim, J., Siegel, J. and Shim, J. (2012).Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill. Spiceland, J., Thomas, W. and Herrmann, D. (2011).Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Feminist Ethics Concept

Feminist ethic is a new concept aimed at redefining and redesigning conventional and traditional experiences associated with women’s moral experiences from medieval times. Feminist ethic is therefore a development and a new concept developed to remedy the inadequacies created by traditional western ethics which have consistently overlooked female contributions in the society. Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Feminist Ethics Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such sentiments are supported by Alison Jaggar, a feminist philosopher (cited in Christine 2), who faults traditional western ethical ideals because of a number of reasons. First, she identifies that traditional western ideals sought to emphasize more on male rights and interests at the expense of female rights. Secondly, she notes that traditional western ideals are characteristic of emphasizing on morally uninteresting realms of women role s which occur in the private world (such as the traditional roles of cooking, cleaning, taking care of the household, assisting the sick and such roles). Thirdly, she faults the traditional western ethical philosophy because it perceives women as people who are not as morally developed as men and fourth, Christine explains that she identifies that traditional western philosophy â€Å"overvalues culturally masculine traits like independence, autonomy, separation, mind, reason, culture, transcendence, war, and death, and undervalues culturally feminine traits like interdependence, community, connection, body, emotion, nature, immanence, peace, and life† (3). Lastly, Alison Jaggar notes that traditional western philosophy is sympathetic to culturally masculine ways of moral reasoning as opposed to the feminist ways which lack prejudice and favor (Christine 3). These perceptions withstanding, this study acknowledges the role feminist ethics has had in reformulating traditional western ethics and comprehensively, it acknowledges that feminist ethics are distinctive and uniquely incoherent with conventional western philosophy relating to gender. However, there have been many debates advanced by critics regarding feminist ethics which purport that the concept is basically centered on overturning existing political structures and basically centered on the concept of power and subordination at the expense of ethical concerns relating to mothering, morality, care and justice (Christine 2). Advertising Looking for term paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With regards to this debate, this study identifies that this argument is flawed and instead proposes that feminist ethics is more committed to motherhood and care as opposed to political changes (in terms of doing away with the subordination women have experienced in the past). Ideas Concepts and Terms to be Discussed Radical feminism : Radical feminism observes that the causes for gender oppression should not be solely blamed on the political structure of the society but also on the structures of the patriarchal society. Liberal feminism: Liberal feminism works from the context that women need to be accorded the same opportunities men have, so that they are as prosperous as men. Marxist feminism: The concept of Marxist feminism notes that women’s oppression should not be traced to the opposite sex but rather to the capitalistic nature of the society which makes women subordinates to men. Supporting Claims Radical feminism Mothering and care are depicted as the underlying issues that characterize female oppression which has been evidenced for many years (Christine 3). The feminist ethics concept basically revolves around matters of care and feminine virtues (more especially nurturing and compassion) as opposed to issues to do with power and subordination (in comparison to male counterparts). More important ly, even though many critics of the feminist ethics tend to perpetrate the view that feminist ethics inclines more towards power and subordination, Christine (3) notes that feminist ethics is particular to experiences that are uniquely female such as pregnancy, childbirth, and nursing. These issues have nothing to do with power or subordination. Much of the current â€Å"political vs. care† debate that surrounds feminist ethics can be analyzed from philosophical research studies done by Gilligan, a philosophical researcher. Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Feminist Ethics Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The same can also be said of Kohlberg’s research on feminist philosophy which can be summarized in the words of Tronto that â€Å"individuals develop morally as their cognitive abilities to understand the nature of moral relations deepen, and that this process of moral development pro ceeds through set, hierarchically arranged stages that correspond to different levels of moral reasoning† (5). Kohlberg was trying to portray the view that boys had a stronger and more mature moral development as compared to girls, when analyzed within a given age group. However, Gilligan was particularly disturbed by these assertions and decided to do his own independent studies on the same which concluded that girls had a uniquely different oral view when compared to boys because their moral voice expressed an ethics of care while the boy’s moral voice expressed an ethics of justice. The ethics of care can be compared to relationships and justice while the ethics of justice can be compared to rights and rules. All these features can be better equated to processes as opposed to principles because they symbolize an ongoing element as opposed to a static one (Christine 6). Gilligan’s assertion basically exposed a different field of philosophical research about feminist ethics that had not been previously researched before. Many researchers have also identified the research studies to be intrinsically positive but comprehensively, it is assumed that his point of view gives a new perception to the role historical oppression may have played in care ethics (Christine 6). Tronto explains this concept by stating that â€Å"whatever psychological dimensions there might be to explain women’s moral differences, there may also be a social cause: women’s different moral expression may be a function of their subordinate or tentative social position† (6). Gilligan’s perspectives gives a very interesting insight to feminist ethics in the sense that she identifies that feminist ethics essentially appeals to women’s’ unique experiences, but in the same light, the unique experiences can be traced to the oppression women face in the society. Advertising Looking for term paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A positive relationship can be hereby deduced because the underlying assumption in this relationship is observed whereby, though feminist ethics is based on mothering, care and nurturing, Gilligan exposes a relationship whereby the above concepts either add or subtract to the oppression women face (or have faced) in the society. The same opinion is also held by radical feminists who observe that the causes for women oppression should not solely be blamed on the political structure of the society but also on the structures of the patriarchal society (Christine 6). Proponents of the radical feminist concept also note that political structures which limit the chances of women prospering in the same manner as men are essentially flawed and evidently irreparable. Because of this fact, they propose that the entire political system should be eliminated. This point of view therefore leaves the patriarchal society as the only repairable institution and this is where radical feminist concurs with the fact that feminist ethics are centered on changing the social perceptions of women in the domestic environment. This essentially touches on the virtues of motherhood and care. In other words, motherhood and care are the basic limitations to women’s’ chances of succeeding. Tong affirms that â€Å"Women’s reproductive roles and responsibilities, as well as the institution of compulsory heterosexuality, are the fundamental causes of women’s subordination and men’s domination† (8). Liberal Feminism Liberal feminism works from the context that women need to be accorded the same opportunities men have, so that they are as prosperous as men (Christine 7). However, in accomplishing this objective, there is a strong view among proponents of the liberal feminism concept that there needs to be a clear-cut difference between public and private life. Public life essentially refers to the ability of women to prosper in various fields such as m edicine, science, law and the likes (because it essentially refers to personal and human achievement). Basically, this refers to the realm of political actions where many researchers have identified that gender oppression takes place. On the other hand, private life basically refers to the realm of mothering and caring which has often be synonymously equated to the traditional western ethical philosophy of women which defines the root of subordination. From this understanding, liberal theorists have consistently acknowledged that women have a more social significance to the political world of men; meaning that their contribution is most appreciated from the fact that they best uphold social life, as opposed to political life. Mothering and caring activities constitute the basic pinnacle of this social world (Christine 7). Since the above fact has been identified as constituting a great part of the western traditional feminine experience, feminist ethic was introduced to fight this ideology. Feminist ethic was therefore developed from the standpoint that women should not be subordinated to the roles of nurturing, mothering and care because this is a false ideology that seeks to limit their chances or opportunities of competing with their male counterparts in the political world. Liberal feminist therefore point out the view that there is no such distinction between a man and a woman because they are both human beings and that is the only existing definition according to them. However, liberal feminists have been forced to acknowledge the physical differences between the genders but they have stuck to their point of view; purporting that physical differences between men and women do not in any way constitute a platform to differentiate male and female rights (Christine 8). Nonetheless, comprehensively we are able to learn that feminist ethics is primarily based on unique women experiences (which are mothering, care and nurturing) as opposed to the political cause identified by critics of the feminist ethics concept. Relatively, when compared to the liberal feminist approach, Christine affirms that: â€Å"Avoiding claims about specifically male and female natures enables liberal feminists to argue that men and women are entitled to the same opportunities in both the public and private spheres.   In the liberal feminist view, when all are afforded equal opportunities, all women may freely choose to ‘mother’ or not to ‘mother’† (9). Marxist Feminism The concept of Marxist feminism notes that women’s oppression should not be traced to the opposite sex but rather the capitalistic nature of the society which makes women subordinates to men (Christine 9). To remedy this situation, the Marxist feminism concept proposes that a communism concept will work to the advantage of women because it will give them equal opportunities that capitalist systems denies them. However, in support of the fact that fem inist ethics is based on mothering and care, the Marxist feminism concept identifies that female oppression not only occurs in the public life but also in the private life. To reiterate the Marxist feminism concept, Callahan affirms that â€Å"the inegalitarian system of classes leads to exploitation and imperialism–the domination at home (including the household) and abroad of the have-nots by the haves† (75). Women’s’ oppression can therefore be defined by the oppression that goes on in the household and not necessarily in public life (as advocated by proponents of the fact that feminist ethics is primarily based on political motivations). The exploitation of women at home is particularly contingent with the limitations that the capitalistic world imposes on women throughout most societies. However, it is important to note that the Marxist feminism concept has been criticized by the fact that not all women hail from the same economic class, although in the same sense, it is also important to note that the Marxist feminism concept acknowledges that for women to be totally liberated and enjoy the same opportunities as men, domestic exploitation and oppression needs to stop first (at the household level) before any significant political changes can be felt to their advantage (Christine 9). This fact is based on the belief by proponents of the Marxist feminism concept that gender oppression starts at the household level, and the discrimination that is evident at the political platform is just but a mere reflection of what happens in the domestic environment. To affirm this point of view, proponents of the Marxist feminism concept point out the fact that women have been clustered together to constitute a single economic class that essentially works to produce goods and services that are only of value to the domestic environment (Christine 9). In affirming this argument, Jaggar notes that: â€Å"In unpacking this notion of transfo rmation, it is also important to note that Marxist theory itself would not find anything intrinsically degrading about childbearing, child rearing, cooking,†¦ but instead Marxist theory criticizes the way in which these tasks are organized under capitalism. In this sense, Marxist feminist theory could be said to be â€Å"about† mothering and caring (19). Counter Arguments Principles as opposed to feelings Critics of the feminist ethics concept note that feminist ethics is basically reliant on the philosophy of principles of care as opposed to feelings of care because in the real sense, principles are deemed more reliable than feelings attributed to care (Christine 10). For instance, if we were to analyze the suffering poor people go through, it would only be logical to help them, as opposed to sympathizing with them. This is true because contrary to the feminist point of view, in reality, principles are often relied on more than the concept of care. Equally, many philos ophers have also voiced their criticism of feminist ethics, based on the concepts of justice and care, as two ultimate gender-neutral elements (Christine 10). In this regard, these critics have voiced their reservations on the fact that feminist ethics seeks to make â€Å"care† triumph over â€Å"justice†. To support their point, they assert that, if there is a conflict between justice and care, impartiality often supersedes partiality because a person’s fundamental rights cannot be more important than another’s. This scenario can also be equated to the American Southern grasp on slavery where many people hailing from that geographical area felt positively about slavery as a practice. However, since they harbored this sentiment, it did not mean that they were essentially ethically correct. Oppression Many critics of the feminist approach have often observed that feminist ethics basically perceive ethical issues from a predetermined point of view (which is the feminist way) (Christine 10). More importantly, they note that the feminist ethics concept assumes that women are in an oppressed position when compared to their male counterparts. In this regard, these critics base their contempt with the feminist ethics concept on the fact that, feminist perspectives base their standing on the structures that have contributed to this position and therefore, they focus their energies on overturning this state of affairs. This contributes to their strong viewpoint that feminist theories stand on a political view-point as affirmed by Callahan that â€Å"A feminist perspective has three features: â€Å"a recognition that women as a group have been and are oppressed; an account of the source or sources of that oppression; and suggestions for how the oppression of women can be overcome† (78). Nonetheless, critics who have criticized feminism, based on the concept of oppression, have also identified that the allegation by proponents of feminism that power has often been wielded to the disadvantage of men, is a female-biased point of view. Assuming this fact is well understood, the critics went ahead to assert that there was no way a one-sided view of power and oppression could be ultimately perceived as the ethical or moral point of view. In the past, western ethical concepts have often perceived the concept of ethics from a general view-point but if the feminist view on oppression is to be relied on, it would mean that the development of ethical concepts would be targeting an individual group, as opposed to the entire human population. This is obviously a misguided and unjust view. Historical Basis Oppression, subordination, mothering and care which are all observed in feminist ethics can be best understood through the historical context of feminism. The historical context of feminism in which perspectives about feminism and feminist ethics are developed can be all equated to the traditional political theory st andpoint. This means that the tradition of western political thought is essentially characteristic of the historical view of feminism. From this understanding, many proponents of the fact that feminist ethics is developed from a political viewpoint, such as Shanley and Pateman (12), argue that since feminist ethics are based on overturning traditional western concepts of feminism; they are based on changing the political paradigm as well. This argument gives feminist ethics a political nature. Response to the Counter Arguments The opinions expressed by critics of the feminist ethics approach tend to portray the view that feminist perspectives do not acknowledge the unique experiences of women as a unique gender and in the same manner; they are not cognizant of the ethics of care which has been traditionally associated with feminism. However, many of such critics fail to note that at the centre of feminism is the appreciation of divergent points of views. This means that, though fe minism has been criticized for upholding the concept of care over principles, it is time that the society acknowledges the uniqueness of feminism and the female gender in general. This means that the female gender is more empathic and considerate than the male gender. It is therefore only natural that feminism upholds the concept of â€Å"care† as opposed to â€Å"principle†. This is the balance that feminism tries to create in the society because even if critics of feminism were put on the spot, they would acknowledge that humanity would seize to be what it is, if the element of â€Å"care† was eliminated. The argument that feminism is focused on the political structures that put men in power, as opposed to â€Å"care†, contradicts the arguments of similar critics of feminism who note that feminism is more focused on the concept of â€Å"care† as opposed to â€Å"principles†. This contradiction exposes the misguided beliefs which critics of feminism have (over care and principles), because some fail to acknowledge that feminism emphasizes on â€Å"care†, while others note that it does not. However, for critics who voice the opinion that feminism seeks to shift the political paradigm in the world, at the expense of upholding the concept of â€Å"care†, it is obviously apparent that this is the only way through which they can eliminate male domination and oppression. This is true because power is vested in political structures and unless women become active in politics or change its paradigm, there is very little hope that they will ever be truly liberated from oppression. The concept that feminism is politically oriented is therefore correct because this is the only way women can take responsibility for their lives. This view therefore enforces the concept that women have been politically oppressed through sociopolitical structures and positions. However, this point of view is not what feminist ethics is entirely based on. This is true because if we analyze feminist ethics, entirely from a political point of view, we would be advocating the fact that feminism is centered on changing the existing political paradigm and nothing more. This is obviously not the case. Conclusion This study points out the fact that feminist ethics is essentially driven by issues to do with motherhood and care, as opposed to power and subordination, which define political motivations. Arguments based on the Marxist, radical and liberal feminist points of view acknowledge that motherhood and care are at the centre of the development of feminist ethics because all forms of oppression start at the domestic level. This argument is according to the liberalist feminists. However, the Marxists feminists note that capitalistic structures need to be eliminated to give women more opportunities in the society while the radical point of view suggests that the political structures that are created by men with the aim of limiting women to domestic roles are irreparable and need to be eliminated. Because of this reason, proponents of the radical feminism concept advocate for a patriarchal societal change which is in affirmation of the view that feminist ethics is concerned with motherhood and care. This study also acknowledges the input of proponents of the fact that feminist ethics is motivated by power and subordination as the primary motivators to feminist ethics, but comprehensively, we observe that social (as opposed to political) intrigues is the main factor leading to women oppression and this is what feminist ethics essentially focuses on. This point of view is practically applicable today in the fight for gender equality in most functional areas of our society (including gender representation in political, social and economic positions). This analysis is also a pointer to the way we should look at various areas of philosophy, in the sense that, practical relevance is important to the comprehension of philosophical points of views. This analysis has ramifications in other areas, apart from philosophy, such as science. Therefore, considering the above intrigues to the whole feminist ethics debate, we can safely conclude that feminist ethics is more committed to motherhood and care as opposed to political changes (in terms of doing away with the subordination women have experienced in the past). Works Cited Callahan, Joan C. â€Å"Feminism and Reproductive Technologies.† Journal of Clinical Ethics 5.1 (1994): 75-85. Christine, James. â€Å"Feminist Ethics, Mothering, and Caring.† Kinesis 22.2 (1995): 2-16. Print. Jaggar, Alison. Feminist Politics and Human Nature. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield, 1988. Shanley, Lyndon and Pateman, Carole. Feminist Interpretations and Political Theory. University   Ã‚   Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991. Tong, Rosemarie. Feminine and Feminist Ethics. Belmont, California: Wa dsworth Publishing Company, 1993. Tronto, Joan C. Beyond Gender Difference to a Theory of Care: An Ethic of Care: Feminist and Interdisciplinary Perspectives. New York: Routledge, Chapman and Hall, Inc., 1993. This term paper on Feminist Ethics Concept was written and submitted by user Sariyah Bradshaw to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.